Books to Read
Books to Read
Do you like to think about numbers? If you do, there are many books
about mathematics that you will enjoy. You may find these and others in
your school or public library.
Ages 5 to 8
Beginning to Learn About: Measuring by Richard L. Allington and
Kathleen Krull (Raintree, 1983)
Become comfortable with measuring and using the metric system by doing
the activities and crafts in this book.
Capacity by Henry Pluckrose (Watts, 1988) Using simple language and
colorful photographs, this book introduces ways to measure and compare
how much different sized containers will hold.
If You Made a Million by David M.
Schwartz (Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1989) Marvelosissimo the Mathematical
Magician will hire you. Payment for each job ranges from one cent to one
million dollars! This book teaches you how you can make your money work
for you. Also, look for How Much Is a Million? by the same author.
Numbers by Philip Carona (Children’s
Press, 1982)
This book follows the history of numbers and numerals and looks at how
we use them today.
One, Two, Three, and Four. No More? by Catherine Gray (Houghton
Mifflin Company, 1988)
This collection of silly rhymes takes you through addition and
subtraction problems with numbers up to four—and no more.
Shapes, Shapes, Shapes by Tana Hoban (Greenwillow Books, 1986)
Bright, strong photographs grab your eye and get you hunting for
circles, squares, triangles, and other shapes. The book uses no words,
only scenes of the world about you.
Spaces, Shapes, and Sizes by Jane Jonas Srivastava (Crowell, 1980)
A hungry pig and four other experimenting animals team up to measure the
volume of objects of various shapes—sweaters, boxes, piles of sand,
potatoes. Read this book to find out how to use popcorn as a measuring
tool!
Time by Terry Jennings (Gloucester Press, 1988)
In this book, you’ll learn about several kinds of timekeepers. You’ll
discover how to make your own shadow, sand, and water clocks.
Time by Feenie Ziner and Elizabeth Thompson (Children’s Press, 1982)
This book shows you how to read all kinds of clocks. You’ll tell time
with sundials, twelve- hour-clocks with two hands, twenty-four- hour
clocks with two hands, and digital clocks with no hands!
Ages 9 to 12
Anno’s Hat Tricks by Akihiro Nozaki (Philomel Books, 1985)
Play a game with red hats and white hats. Learn to use the hats you can
see to tell how many of each color are hidden. Mitsumasa Anno’s
illustrations enliven the book.
Anno’s Mysterious Multiplying Jar by
Masaichiro and Mitsumasa Anno (Philomel Books, 1983)
In one mysterious jar is a sea with one island, holding two countries,
with three mountains each. Enjoy the colorful art and prepare yourself
for some surprising mathematical conclusions as the plot thickens.
Calendar Art: Thirteen Days, Weeks, Months, and Years from Around the
World by Leonard Everett Fisher (Four Winds, 1987)
Because the solar year is roughly 36514 days long, it’s difficult to set
up a calendar of equal-length months and weeks. The artist- author
examines thirteen solutions to the problem. Looking at the ancient
Chinese, Mayan, Egyptian, and other calendars, he discusses how people
divided time.
Fast, Faster, Fastest Supercomputers by
David J. Darling (Dillon Press, 1986) This book points out some of the
remarkable ways people use supercomputers—to create movie special
effects, design cars, and learn about atoms. The book also tells how
supercomputers work. For more information, read another book by this
author called Inside Computers: Hardware and Software (Dillon Press,
1986).
How Long? To Go, To Grow, To Know by Ross Olney and Patricia Olney
(Morrow, 1984)
How long would it take for you to walk to the moon? If you read this
book, you’ll know. It’s packed with fascinating facts about how fast or
slowly things happen.
Make It Graphic! Drawing Graphs for Science and Social Studies
Projects by
Eve and Albert Stwertka (Julian Messner, 1985)
This book will show you how to use math in studying other subjects. It
helps you use numbers to create line graphs, bar and pie charts, and
pictographs.
Rand McNally Mathematics Encyclopedia by Leslie Foster (Rand
McNally, 1986)
This collection of articles about mathematics covers topics such as
these: magic squares and circles; signs and symbols; number systems
based on ten, eight, and two; charts and graphs; geometric shapes and
patterns; topology; and chance. You will also learn about some of the
ways artists and musicians use math in their work.
Shape: The Purpose of Forms by Eric
Laithwaite (Franklin Watts, 1986) This book looks at the special
qualities of cubes, spheres, pyramids, and cylinders. It explains why
and how they are useful shapes for packing materials, buildings,
machines, tools, and other practical things.
New Words
Here are some of the words you have met in this book. Many of them may
be new to you, but all of them are used in mathematics. Next to each
word you’ll see how to say the word : acute (uh KYOOT). The part
shown in capital letters is said a little more loudly than the rest of
the word. One or two sentences under each word tell what the word means.
acute (uh KYOOT)
Acute means sharp. An acute angle is any angle that is less than a right
angle, thus forming a sharp shape, avoirdupois (av uhr duh
[poyz)]{.smallcaps} Avoirdupois means “goods of weight.” Avoirdupois
weight is a system of weight based on a 16-ounce pound.
capacity (kuh PAS uh tee)
Capacity is the amount of room inside a container, or the amount a
container will hold.
cipher (SY fuhr)
In mathematics, a cipher is zero, any number, or any Arabic numeral. To
cipher means to do arithmetic.
circumference (suhr KUHM fuhr uhns) Circumference is the edge, as
well as the distance around the edge, of a circle.
cone (kohn)
A cone is a solid shape that has a flat, round base and comes to a point
at the top.
cube (kyoob)
A cube is a solid shape with six square sides, all equal.
cubic [(kyoo]{.smallcaps} bihk)
Cubic means shaped like a cube. A cubic number is the number you get by
multiplying a number by itself twice, such as 2 x 2 x 2 = 8.
cubit (KYOObiht)
A cubit was an ancient unit of length, about 18 to 22 inches. It was
based on the length of the forearm, from the elbow to the tip of the
middle finger.
cylinder (SIHL uhn duhr)
A cylinder is a solid shape formed by curving a rectangle so that its
edges touch, forming circles of an equal size at each end. A hose is a
cylinder.
decagon (DEHK uh gahn)
A decagon is a flat shape with ten sides and ten angles.
degree (dih GREE)
A degree is a unit of measurement. We measure temperature, angles, and
any part of the curve of a circle in degrees. See also unit.
diameter (dy AM uh tuhr)
Diameter is the width of a circle— the distance through the center of
a circle, from one edge to the other.
digit (DIHJ iht)
A digit is any numeral from 0 to 9.
It is also a finger or toe.
dimension (duh MEHN shuhn) Dimension is a measurement of length,
width, or thickness.
dodecahedron (doh deh kuh HEE druhn) A dodecahedron is a solid shape
that has twelve sides.
equation (ih KWAY zhuhn)
An equation is a mathematical sentence that says two things are equal;
2 + 2 = 4 is an equation, equilateral (ee kwuh LAT uhr uhl)
Equilateral means “equal sides.” An equilateral triangle is a flat shape
with three equal sides.
gram (gram)
The gram is the basic unit of weight in the metric system. See also
metric system.
heptagon (HEHP tuh gahn)
A heptagon is a flat shape with seven sides and seven angles.
hexagon [(hehk]{.smallcaps} suh gahn)
A hexagon is a flat shape with six sides and six angles.
hypotenuse (hy [paht]{.smallcaps} uh noos)
The hypotenuse is the side of a right triangle opposite the right angle,
icosahedron (eye koh suh [hee]{.smallcaps} druhn)
An icosahedron is a solid shape that has twenty sides.
irregular (ih REHG yuh luhr) shape An irregular flat shape has
unequal angles and sides of unequal length. An irregular solid shape has
an uneven number of sides that are not the same size or shape. See
also regular shape.
isosceles (eye SAHS uh leez) Isosceles means “equal legs.” An
isosceles triangle is a flat shape that has two equal legs, or sides.
liter (LEE tuhr)
The liter is the basic unit of capacity in the metric system. See also
capacity; metric system.
meter (MEE tuhr)
The meter is the basic unit of length in the metric system.
metric [(meht]{.smallcaps} rihk) system
The metric system is a system of weights and measures in which each unit
of measurement is ten times larger than the next smallest unit. See
also gram; liter; meter.
negative (NEHGuhtihv) number A negative number is a number less
than zero. Negative numbers are shown with a minus sign ( —) in front
of them. See also positive number.
nonogon (NAHN uh gahn)
A nonagon is a flat shape that has nine sides and nine angles.
numeral (NOO muhr uhl)
A numeral is a symbol, letter, or word that stands for a number.
obtuse (uhb TOOS)
Obtuse means blunt. An obtuse angle is any angle greater than a right
angle, thus forming a blunt shape.
octagon [(ahk]{.smallcaps} tuh gahn)
An octagon is a flat shape that has eight sides and eight angles,
parallelogram (par uh [lehl]{.smallcaps} uh gram)
A parallelogram is a four-sided, flat shape whose opposite side are
equal and parallel (the same distance apart at all points).
pentagon [(pehnt]{.smallcaps} uh gahn)
A pentagon is a flat shape that has five sides and five angles.
positive [(pahz]{.smallcaps} uh tihv) number
A positive number is a number that is more than zero. We count with
positive numbers. See also negative number.
radius (RAY dee uhs)
A radius is a straight line from the center of a circle to any point on
the edge (circumference) of a circle. It is also the distance from the
center to the edge of a circle.
regular (REHG yuh luhr) shape
A regular flat shape has equal angles and sides of equal length. A
regular solid shape has an even number of sides that are all the same
size and shape. See also irregular shape.
scalene (skay [leen)]{.smallcaps}
Scalene means “uneven legs.” The sides and angles of a scalene triangle
are unequal.
sequence (SEE kwuhns)
Sequence means coming one aftei’ another. The numerals 2,4,6,8 form a
numbei’ sequence.
tetrahedron (teht ruh HEE druhn)
A tetrahedron is a solid shape that has four sides.
unit [(yoo]{.smallcaps} niht)
A unit is a single thing. It is also an amount used to measure things.
Seconds, minutes, and hours are units used to measure time.
Illustration acknowledgments
The publishers of Childcraft gratefully acknowledge the courtesy of
the following photographers, agencies, and organizations for
illustrations in this volume. When all the illustrations for a sequence
of pages are from a single source, the inclusive page numbers are given.
In all other instances, the page numbers refer to facing pages, which
are considered as a single unit or spread. All illustrations are the
exclusive property of the publishers of Childcraft unless names are
marked with an asterisk (*).
1: (top left) Dennis Hockerman; (top right) Bill and Judie
Anderson; (center right) Kinuko Craft; (bottom left)
American Numismatic Society *; Jenny Williams; (bottom right)
George Suyeoka
8-15: George Suyeoka
16-17: Childcraft art; George Suyeoka
18-21: George Suyeoka
22-23: Childcraft photo
24-25: Childcraft art; Janet Palmer
26-45: Janet Palmer
46-47: Childcraft photo
48-49: Jean Helmer
50-53: Bill and Judie Anderson
54-55: Jean Helmer
56-59: Bill and Judie Anderson
60-61: Bill and Judie Anderson; Childcraft photo
62-63: Childcraft photo; Bill and Judie Anderson
64-69: Bill and Judie Anderson
70-71: Jean Helmer; Childcraft art
72-73: Bill and Judie Anderson; Childcraft art
74-75: Sue Snyder; Time Museum, Henrici\’s Clock Tower Inn, Rockford,
Illinois (Childcraft photo); Childcraft art
76-77: University of Michigan Library *; Sue Snyder
78-79: Childcraft art
80-83: George Suyeoka
84-85: George Suyeoka; Childcraft art
86-87: International Business Machines *; Childcraft photo;
Merchandise National Bank of Chicago (Childcraft photo); George
Suyeoka
88-89: Childcraft photo
90-93: Larry Ross
94-113: Kinuko Craft
114-115: Jenny Williams
116-119: Marlene Ekman
120-121: Kinuko Craft
122-123: Flexo Design; Kinuko Craft
124-125: Childcraft art
126-127: Larry Ross
128-133: Jenny Williams
134-143: Larry Ross
144-145: Kinuko Craft
146-149: Jean Helmer
150-151: Jean Helmer; Willard K. Martin *; Zorica Dabich
152-153: Jenny Williams
154-155: Childcraft photo
156-169: Dennis Hockerman
170-171: Childcraft photo
172-173: Bill and Judie Anderson
174-175: Kinuko Craft; American Numismatic Society *
176-177: The Louvre, Paris (Childcraft photo by Josse); Jack
Wallen
178-179: Kinuko Craft
180-191: George Suyeoka
192-193: Bill and Judie Anderson
194-195: Kinuko Craft
196-197: The British Museum, London *; Robert Lackenbach, Black Star
*; Bibliothdque Nationale, Paris *
198-199: Kinuko Craft
200-201: Time Museum, Henrici’s Clock Tower Inn, Rockford, Illinois
(Childcraft photo); Kinuko Craft
202-203: Time Museum, Henrici\’s Clock Tower Inn, Rockford, Illinois
(Childcraft photo); Kinuko Craft; National Bureau of Standards *
204-207: Donald Meighan
208-209: Donald Meighan; Childcraft photo
210-211: Dennis Hockerman; Lietz ‘
212-213: Sue Snyder
214-215: Childcraft photo
216-225: George Suyeoka
226-227: Childcraft photo; Childcraft art
228-231: Childcraft art
232-241: George Suyeoka
242-243: Childcraft art: Childcraft photo
244-245: © E. R. Degginger *; Wilbur Collection, Bailey Library,
University of Vermont *
246-247: Childcraft photo; Bill and Judie Anderson
248-249: Aerofilms *; Childcraft art
250-251: Donald Meighan
252-255: Childcraft art; Childcraft photo
256-257: Childcraft photo; Childcraft art
258-261: Childcraft art; Childcraft photo
262-263: Transamerica Corporation *; Childcraft photos
264-265: Childcraft photo
266-267: © NASA *
268-269: Childcraft photo; Korad
270-271: Brent Jones (Childcraft photo)
272-273: Childcraft photo; Childcraft art
274-275: Rob Chabot, DPI *; © Brownie Harris, The Stock Market ‘
276-277: Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission (Childcraft
photo)
Cover: Yoshi Miyake
Index
This index is an alphabetical list of the important topics covered in
this book. It will help you find information given in both words and
pictures. To help you understand what an entry means, there is often a
helping word in parentheses, for example, abacus (counting machine). If
there is information in both words and pictures, you will see the words
(with pictures) after the page number. If there is only a picture,
you will see the word (picture) after the page number. If you do not
find what you want in this index, please go to the General Index in
Volume f 5, which is a key to all of the books.
abacus (counting machine), 58-6f (with pictures)
how to make, 62-64 (with pictures)
how to use, 64-67 (with pictures) zero on, 78 (with picture)
Aborigines, Australian (people) measuring temperature, 208
accountant, work of, 270-271 (with picture)
acre (unit of land), 185
acute angle (shape), 221, 223 (with pictures)
acute triangle, 223 (with picture) adding machine, 86 (picture)
alphabet
letter frequency, 168-169 angle (shape), 220-221 (with pictures)
in triangles, 222-223 (with pictures)
measuring height with, 211-213 (with pictures)
Arabic numerals, 76-77 (with pictures)
zero, 78-79 (with pictures) Ashanti (African) language,
numbers in, 82 astronomer, work of, 272-273
(with pictures)
atomic bomb, 268-269
Australia
Opera House (Sydney), 274 (picture)
avoirdupois weight, 184-185
Babylon (ancient kingdom) calendar, 196 (picture) counting, 58-61
(with picture) numbers, 72 (with pictures)
backward puzzles, 118-119 (with picture)
balance (scale), 174-175 (with pictures)
base two, counting in, 84-85
bee (insect)
honeycomb of, 245 (with picture) bell clock, 204-205 (with picture)
beqa (Egyptian unit of weight), 177
binary numbers, see base two birthday
chances of sharing, 166-167
poem about, 141
boiling point of water, 209
\”boy” and “girl” numbers, 29,
30, 34
brainteaser (puzzle), 6-7 business
accounting, 270-271 (with picture)
calculator, 86 (picture)
calendar
early, 196-197 (with pictures)
Stonehenge, 248-249 (with picture)
capacity (measurement)
in English system, 180-181
in metric system, 188-189, 191
cards, playing
moving number puzzle, 12-13 (with picture)
cash register, 86 (picture)
catty (unit of weight), 185
Celsius, Anders (astronomer), 209 (with picture)
Celsius scale (temperature measurement), 209 (with picture)
centi- (metric prefix), 189
centimeter (unit of length), 190 chances
coin tossing, 156-157
chances (continued) figuring with fractions, 158-161 (with pictures)
rolling dice, 162-163 (with picture)
sharing birthdays, 166-167 statistics, 168-169
chemical engineer, work of, 275
Cheyenne (American Indian) language, numbers in, 82
China (Asia)
water clock, 203 (picture)
Chinese language, numbers in, 80
Christmas decorations how to make, 263 (picture) cipher (code), see
codes and
ciphers
cipher (numeral), 24
circle, 216 (with picture), 248-249 (with pictures)
shapes made with, 250-251 (with pictures)
circumference of circle, 249 (with picture), 250-251 (with pictures)
civil engineer, work of, 274-275 (with pictures)
clock
face of, 74-75 (with picture) kinds of
modern, 204-205 (with picture)
sand, 202-203 (with picture) sun clock or sundial, 200-201 (with
pictures)
water, 202 (with pictures) codes and ciphers, 116-117 (with
pictures)
number puzzle, 14-15 (with picture)
use of e, 168-169
coin
ancient, 175 (with pictures) chances in tossing, 156-157
combinations of numbers, 164-
165 (with pictures) computer, 86 (picture) base two counting, 84-85
cone (shape), 216 (with picture), 250 (with picture)
construction, building
engineer\’s work in, 274-275 (with pictures)
counting
base two, 84-85
in other languages, 80-83 in tens, 52-54 (with pictures) number names,
52-54 (with pictures)
counting (continued)
origin of, 45, 48-49 (with
pictures), 54
pebbles, 56-57 (with picture)
with fingers, 50-51 (with picture)
counting machine, 86 (with pictures)
abacus, 58-61,62-67
cube, 134-135, 216 (with picture), 255 (with pictures)
cubic inch (measurement), ISO- 181
cubic number, 134-135 (with pictures)
cubit (unit of length), 177 (with pictures)
customary system, see English system
cylinder (shape), 216
day, length of, 198-199 (with picture)
deci- (metric prefix), 189
decimal fraction, 144-145 (with picture)
decimeter (unit of length), 190
degree (unit of temperature), 209 (with picture)
deka- (metric prefix), 189 dekameter (unit of length), 190
diameter of circle, 249 (with
picture), 250-251 (with pictures) diamond (solid shape), 256 (with
pictures)
dice
chances in rolling, 162-163 (with picture)
Dielle, Jeffrey (poet)
Roads of Math, The, 250-251
(with pictures)
digit (numeral), 75
see also number and numeral digit (unit of length), 176 (picture)
dimension (mathematics)
of point and line, 218-219
of solid shapes, 253 (with picture)
of triangle, 222
disk, 216 (with picture)
distance
in rate of speed formula, 206-207 see also length and distance
division (mathematics), 127
dodecahedron (solid shape), 95- 96 (with picture), 261 (with
pictures)
drachma (Greek coin), 175 (with picture)
e (letter)
frequency of, 168-169
E = me^2^ (formula), 269
Egypt, ancient
calendar, 197 (picture)
days, 198-199 (with picture) number system, 68-71, 78-79
(with pictures)
sun clock, 201 (with picture) surveying, 238-241 (with pictures)
water clock, 203 (picture) weights and measures, 174-177
(with pictures)
eight (number), 40 (with picture) ancient numerals, 72-73
(pictures)
Arabic, 76-77 (pictures)
in base two, 85
in other languages, 80-83
Roman numeral, 74 (picture)
electrical engineer, work of, 275 engineer, work of, 274-275 (with
pictures)
England (Europe)
Stonehenge, 248-249 (with picture)
English system (measurement), 178-183
equilateral triangle, 223 (with picture)
in hexagon, 244
in pyramid, 243 (with picture)
even number, 29
experiments
tossing coins, 156-157
eye, animal
insect, 245
Fahrenheit scale (temperature measurement), 209 (with picture)
Fibonacci sequence
(mathematics), 146-151 (with pictures)
fifty (number)
Roman numeral, 75 (with picture) firkin (unit of weight), 185 five
(number), 34 (with picture)
ancient numerals, 72-73 (pictures)
Arabic, 76-77 (pictures)
in base two, 85
in other languages, 80-83
Roman numeral, 75 (with pictures)
five hundred (number)
Roman numeral, 75 (with picture) foot (unit of length), 178-179
formula, mathematical
E = me^2^, 269
rate of speed, 206-207
right triangle, 238-241 (with pictures)
fot (Saxon unit of length), 179
four (number), 32 (with picture) ancient numerals, 72-73
(pictures)
Arabic, 76-77 (pictures)
in base two, 85
in other languages, 80-83
Roman numeral, 75 (with picture) fraction (mathematics), 140 (with
picture)
decimal, 144-145 (with picture)
figuring chances with, 158-163 (with pictures)
pie puzzles, 142-143 (with pictures)
smallest, 138-139
France (Europe)
history
metric system, 187
freezing point of water, 209 (with picture)
French language, numbers in, 81
gallon (unit of measurement), ISO- 181
games, see puzzle
German language, numbers in, 83
“girl” and “boy” numbers, 29, 30, 34
gold (metal) weighing, 175 (with picture)
googol (number), 137
gram (unit of weight), 188, 191
(with pictures)
Greece, ancient
coins, 175 (with pictures) mathematics, 242-243 (with pictures)
numbers of, 73 (with pictures)
hand (unit of measure), 172-173 (with picture)
heads or tails (coin tossing), 156- 157
hecto- (metric prefix), 189
height, measurement of, 211-213
(with pictures)
hexagon (shape)
in kaleidoscope, 246-247 (with pictures)
in nature, 244-245 (with pictures)
Hindu (Indian) language, numbers in, 73, 76-77 (with pictures), 78-79
(with pictures), 80
honeycomb, 245 (with picture) hour (unit of time)
length of day, 198-199 (with picture)
measured by clock, 204-205 hourglass, 202-203 (with picture) hundred
(number)
ancient Egyptian, 70 (with pictures)
Roman numeral, 75 (with picture)
Huygens, Christian (inventor), 205
hypotenuse of triangle, 241 (with pictures)
icosahedron (solid shape), 258 (with pictures)
inch (unit of length), 178-179
India (Asia)
Hindu numbers, 73, 76-77 (with pictures)
Indian, American
Cheyenne (U.S.), 82
Maya (Central America), 73 (with pictures)
infinite numbers, 136-137 isosceles triangle, 223 (with
picture)
Italian language, numbers in, 81
Japanese language, numbers in, 80
jobs
accountant, 270-271 (with picture)
astronomer, 272-273 (with picture)
engineer, 274-275 (with picture) mathematician, 267 (with picture)
physicist, 268-269 (with pictures) statistician, 276 (with picture)
Juster, Norton (author)
Milo in Digitopolis, 94-113 (with pictures)
kaleidoscope
how to make, 246-247 (with pictures)
kilo- (metric prefix), 189 kilogram (unit of weight), 191 kilometer
(unit of length), 190
laser, 269 (picture) lb. (abbreviation), 183
leap year, 197
length and distance, 172-173
(with picture), 176 (picture), 177
(with pictures)
English system, 178-179
metric measure, 187-191 (with pictures)
libra (unit of weight), 182-183
light, speed of, 273
light-year (unit of distance), 273
line (mathematics), 218-219 liter (unit of capacity), 188-189,
magic square (mathematics), 114- 115 (with pictures)
markets and stores, 87 (picture)
mathematician, work of, 267
(with picture)
mathematics, 20-21
poems about, 141
shapes, 250-251 (with pictures)
triangle, 224 (with picture)
story about, 94-113 (with pictures)
Maya Indians
numbers of, 73 (with picture)
maze (puzzle), 17 (with picture)
measurement
early forms of, 172-173 (with picture)
English system, 178-183
metric system, 187-191 (with pictures)
of capacity, 180-181 (with pictures), 188-189 (with pictures)
of distance, 178-179 (with pictures), 187-191 (with pictures)
of height, 211-213 (with pictures)
of speed, 206-207
of temperature, 208-209 (with pictures)
of time, 192-205
meter (unit of length), 187-191
metric system, 187-191 (with pictures)
mile (unit of length), 178-179
milia passuum (Roman unit of
length), 178
milli- (metric prefix), 189
milliliter (unit of capacity), 191
millimeter (unit of length), 190
Milo in Digitopolis (story), 94-113 (with pictures)
mining engineer, work of, 275
minute (unit of time), 205
Mobius strip, 18-19 (with pictures)
months of the year, 196-197
moon (unit of time), 192-193
multiplication, 120-122 (with pictures)
cubing, 134-135 (with pictures)
squaring, 128-129 (with pictures), 130-133
table of, 76 (picture), 122 (with picture)
nanosecond (unit of time), 205
negative number, 152-153 (with pictures)
New Year, 196
nine (number), 42 (with picture)
ancient numerals, 72-73
(pictures)
Arabic, 76-77 (pictures)
in base two, 85
in other languages, 80-83
Roman numeral, 74 (with picture)
number and numeral, 90-93 (with pictures)
ancient, 72-73 (with pictures) Arabic, 76-77 (with pictures)
Egyptian, 68-71 (with pictures) Roman, 74-75 (with pictures)
biggest, 136-137
codes from, 14-15 (with picture)
cubic number, 134-135 (with pictures)
Fibonacci sequence, 146-151
(with pictures)
in base two, 84-85
in other languages, 80-83
names of, see names of numbers, such as one
placeholders, 24, 58-61, 78-79 (with pictures)
positive and negative, 152-153 (with pictures)
puzzles, 12-13 (with picture), 114-115, 116-119 (with pictures),
124-125 (with picture)
smallest, 138-139
square numbers, 128-129 (with
pictures), 130-133
see also counting; fraction
number scale, 152-153 (with picture)
numeral, see number and numeral
obtuse angle, 221 (with picture), 223 (with pictures)
obtuse triangle, 223 (with picture) octagon (shape), 216 (with
picture)
octahedron (solid shape), 256 (with pictures)
odd number, 30
one (number), 26 (with picture) ancient Egyptian, 70 (with pictures)
ancient numerals, 72-73 (pictures)
Arabic, 76 (with pictures)
in base two, 85
in other languages, 80-83
Roman numeral, 75 (with pictures)
opera house
Sydney (Australia), 274 (picture) ounce (unit of weight)
avoirdupois and troy, 184-185 origin of name, 182-183
oz. (abbreviation), 183
palm (unit of length), 176 (picture) parallel (mathematics), 227
(with picture)
parallelogram (shape), 227 (with picture)
pendulum clock, 205
pentagon (shape), 242-243 (with pictures)
dodecahedron made from, 261 (with pictures)
pentagram (shape), 242-243 (with pictures)
perfect number, 37
pes (Roman unit of length), 178
Phantom Tollbooth, The (story from), 94-113 (with pictures)
physicist, work of, 268-269 (with pictures)
Pi (mathematical symbol), 250-251 pint (unit of measurement), 180- 181
placeholder (mathematics), 24, 58-61, 78-79
place value (mathematics), 58-61 (with pictures), 78-79
plant
Fibonacci sequence and, 150-151 (with picture)
poems and rhymes
Roads of Math, The, 250-251
Thirty days hath September, 196
Triangular Tale, 254
Tuesday I Was Ten, 141
poets
Dielle, Jeffrey, 250-251
poets (continued)
Starbird, Kaye, 141
point (mathematics), 218-219
Polish language, numbers in, 83 positive number, 152-153 (with
pictures)
pound (money), 175
pound (unit of weight), 182-183 avoirdupois and troy, 184-185
prehistoric people
counting, 51-57 (with pictures) measuring, 172-173 (with
pictures)
time measurement, 192-193 (with pictures)
probability, see chances problem solving, 20-21 profit (business), 271
projects
abacus, 62-64 (with pictures) making shapes with triangles, 226-229
(with pictures)
solid shapes, 252-263 (with picture)
theodolite, 211-213 (with pictures)
Proxima Centauri (star), 272-273 puzzle
backward, 118-119 (with pictures)
code, 116-117 (with pictures) counting triangles, 230-231 (with
pictures)
doubling a square, 233-237 (with pictures)
magic squares, 114-115 (with pictures)
maze, 17 (with picture)
Mobius strip, 18-19 (with pictures) moving numbers, 12-13 (with
picture)
number code, 14-15 (with picture) number tricks, 124-125 (with
picture)
rebus, 8-9 (with pictures) solutions, 20-21 (with pictures)
toothpick teasers. 10-11 (with pictures)
tricks with triangles, 226-229 (with pictures)
wolf, the goat, and the cabbages, the, 6-7
pyramid (shape) five-sided, 243 (with picture) how to make, 252-253
(with
pictures)
Pythagoras (Greek
mathematician), 240-241, 242
Pythagoras’ formula for right triangle, 238-241 (with pictures)
quart (unit of measurement), ISO- 181
radius of circle, 249 (with picture)
rate of speed, 206-207
rebus (puzzle), 8-9 (with pictures)
rectangle, 216 (with picture)
right angle, 221,222 (with
pictures)
right triangle, 222 (with picture) Pythagoras’ formula for, 238-241
(with pictures)
rod (unit of length), 179
Roman numerals, 74-75 (with
pictures), 78-79 (with pictures)
Rome, ancient
measurements, 178
Roman numerals, 74-75 (with
pictures), 78-79
sun clock, 201 (picture)
ruins, ancient
Stonehenge (England), 248-249
(with picture)
Russian language, numbers in, 83
sand clock, 202-203 (with
picture)
San Francisco (California)
Transamerica Building, 262
(picture)
scalene triangle, 223 (with
picture)
second (unit of time), 205
seven (number), 38-39 (with picture)
ancient numerals, 72-73
(pictures)
Arabic, 76-77 (pictures)
in base two, 85
in other languages, 80-83
Roman numeral, 74 (picture)
shape, plane, 216 (with pictures), 219
angle, see angle
circle, 248-249 (with pictures) hexagon, 244-245 (with pictures)
pentagon, 242-243 (with pictures) pentagram, 242-243 (with
pictures)
square, see square
triangle, see triangle
shape, solid, 216 (with pictures)
cube, 134-135, 255 (with pictures)
shape, solid (continued) dodecahedron, 261 (with
pictures)
icosahedron, 258 (with pictures) octahedron, 256 (with pictures)
regular solid, 262 (with pictures) tetrahedron, 252-253 (with
pictures)
shekel (Hebrew coin), 175 (with picture)
sifr (Arabic numeral), 24, 79
silver (metal)
coins of, 175 (with pictures)
six (number), 37 (with picture)
ancient numerals, 72-73 (pictures)
Arabic, 76-77 (picture), 76-77
(pictures)
in base two, 85
in other languages, 80-83
Roman numeral, 74 (picture)
snow
snowflakes, 244 (with pictures) solar year, 196-197
spaceship, 267 (with picture) space shuttle, 266 (picture)
Spanish language, numbers in, 81
speed, measurement of, 206-207 speed of light, 273
sphere (shape), 216 (with picture)
square, 216 (with picture)
cube made from, 255 (with pictures)
made from triangles, 228 (with picture)
magic square, 114-115 (with pictures)
puzzles, 10-11, 233-237 (with pictures)
square number, 128-129 (with
pictures), 134-135 (with pictures)
multiplying by, 130-133
standard measurement, 176-177
(with pictures)
star
measuring distance to, 272-273 (with picture)
time measured by, 195, 198-199 (picture)
star, five-pointed, 242-243 (with picture)
Starbird, Kaye (poet)
Tuesday I Was Ten, 141
stater (Greek coin), 175 (picture)
statistician, work of, 276 (with picture)
statistics (mathematics), 168-169
Stonehenge (ruins, England), 248- 249 (with picture)
stories
Milo in Digitopolis, 94-113 straight angle, 221 (with picture) sun
(star)
time measured by, 200-201 (with pictures)
sun (unit of time), 192-193
sun clock or sundial, 200-201
(with pictures)
sunflower (plant)
Fibonacci sequence and, 151
(picture)
sunya (Hindu zero), 79
superstition
lucky number, 31, 38-39, 42
surveying
in ancient Egypt, 238-241 (with pictures)
with theodolite, 211 (with picture)
temperature, 153, 208-209 (with pictures)
ten (number), 45 (with picture), 52-54 (with pictures)
ancient Egyptian, 70 (with pictures)
ancient numerals, 72-73 (pictures)
in base two, 85
in other languages, 80-83
Roman numeral, 75 (with pictures)
tetrahedron (solid shape), 252- 253 (with pictures)
theodolite (measuring instrument) how to make, 211-213 (with
pictures)
thermometer
invention of, 208-209 (with pictures)
numbers on, 153 (with picture)
Thirty days hath September
(poem), 196
thousand (number)
ancient Egyptian, 70 (with pictures)
Roman numeral, 75 (with picture)
three (number), 30-31 (with picture)
ancient numerals, 72-73 (pictures)
Arabic, 76-77 (with pictures)
in base two, 85
three (continued) in other languages, 80-83 Roman numeral, 75 (with
pictures)
thumas (Saxon unit of length), 179
time
days, 198-199 (with picture) early measurement of, 192-193 hours,
minutes, seconds, 205 in rate of speed formula, 206-207 measured by
stars, 195 year, 196-197 (with pictures) see also clock
toothpick teasers (puzzle), 10-11 (with pictures)
tossing coin, chances in, 156- 157
Transamerica Building (San
Francisco), 262 (picture) triangle (shape), 216 (with picture),
222-223 (with pictures), 230-231 (with pictures)
right, Pythagoras’ formula for, 238-241 (with pictures)
shapes made with, 250-251 (with pictures), 252-253 (with pictures)
icosahedron, 258 (with pictures)
octahedron, 256 (with pictures) square, 233-237 (with pictures)
tricks with, 226-229 (with
pictures)
use in trigonometry, 273 (with picture)
trick
number, 124-125 (with picture) trigonometry, astronomer’s use
of, 273 (with picture) troy weight, 184-185 two (number), 29 (with
picture) ancient numerals, 72-73
(pictures)
Arabic, 76-77 (pictures)
in base two, 84-85
in other languages, 80-83
Roman numeral, 75 (with pictures)
ulna (English unit of length), 179 uncia (Roman measure), 178, 182
vertex (mathematics), 251 (with picture)
volume (measurement), see
capacity
water clock, 202 (with pictures)
week, 197
weight
avoirdupois and troy, 184-185
early measurement of, 174-175
(with pictures)
weight (continued)
Egyptian beqa, 177
English system, 182-183 metric system, 188 (with
pictures)
yard (unit of length), 178-179
year
length of, 196-197
year (continued)
measured by stars, 195
zero (number), 24 (with picture), 78-79 (with pictures)
on number scale, 152-153 (with pictures)
on thermometer, 209 (with picture)
